Business Accounting Cash Generating Units

Question: Discuss about the Business Accounting for Cash Generating Units. Answer: Part A: Impairment Loss Introduction Impairment loss is a difference between carrying amount and recoverable amount with respect to the assets and cash generating units. Carrying amount is determined by deducting the depreciation amount from the value of the asset to recognize in the statement of financial position of the organization. Besides, recoverable amount is determined by deducting the cost of sale of the asset from the fair value. It is also determined by using value in use that is expected future cash flows to be derived from the sale of asset. AASB 136 regulates nature of impairment loss, measurement of the value of impairment loss and required disclosures (Song, Zhang and Wang 2015). Discussion Profit making companies are required to comply with the principles of AASB 136 as well as IAS 36 for recognizing and recording impairment loss. On the contrary, companies that are non-profit company may avoid the compliance of IAS 36 for recognizing the impairment loss of the assets. The principles of accounting on impairment loss are applicable to all the fixed assets of the organizations including goodwill (Martnez-Vega et al. 2015). The assets should be in the nature of cash generating unit that excludes inventories, deferred tax assets, investments. Assets or cash generating units are required to be impaired by the companies if the annual assessment reflects any indication for the impairment. Such indicators can be derived from external sources, internal sources or any relevant indicators from subsidiary or associate companies. Indicators from external sources include significant decline in the market value of the asset. In case, there are negative modifications in the equipment technology, industrial market, economic conditions and corporation laws then the companies are required to impair the assets. Additionally if there is increase in rates of interest or rates of return then also companies should recognize the impairment loss for assets and cash generating units (Ballas, Panagiotou and Tzovas 2015). Indicators from internal sources that require the organizations to impair the assets that include the financial performance or condition of the asset is bad than the same was expected. If the asset has been damaged physically or if the same has been obsolete then the impairment loss should be recognized. Another internal impairment indicator is that if the asset is in not in operating condition or if the asset has been discontinued from working then the organizations have to recognize the impairment loss. Besides, if the amount of investments reflected in the separate balance sheet is higher than it is disclosed in the consolidated balance sheet then the pa rent company is required to analyze and recognize impairment loss. Further, if the amount of dividend is higher than the total comprehensive income of the subsidiary company then the organization is required to measure the impairment loss as per AASB 136 (Morris and Shin 2016). At the time of determining the impairment loss, the organization is required to estimate the recoverable value of the impaired asset. However, in case of intangible assets that has useful life for indefinite period should be examined for impairment in each accounting year. Further, in case of goodwill, impairment should be examined in each financial year whether its useful life is limited or unlimited (Zhuang 2016). Higher of the amount of value in use and fair value reduced by sales expense is regarded as recoverable value. Further, the value of impairment loss is determined by deducting the carrying amount of the asset from its recoverable amount. If the carrying amount is higher than the recoverable amount then the amount of difference is regarded as impairment loss. It is recorded in the books of accounts in the income statement for the assets that have been revalued. Moreover, the amount of impairment loss should also be adjusted with the amount of depreciation or amortized valu e of the asset (Beauchamp et al. 2015). Impairment loss should be determined for the assets, the recoverable of which is not possible to measure. In such case, the recoverable amount can be measured by considering the cash-generating unit for the similar class of asset (Linnenluecke, et al. 2015). For instance, goodwill that is purchased by the organizations as a result of merger and acquisition should be allocated to cash-generating unit. Valuation of impairment loss for the assets under cash-generating unit is similar to that in case of other fixed depreciable assets. After measuring the amount of impairment loss, it is required to be allocated to the assets in cash- generating unit on the proportionate basis (Mannà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Jiles, Thompson and Lester 2015). Apart from the assessment on indicators for impairment of the assets, the organizations also required to analyze the indicators for reversing the loss of impairment. Such assessment is required to be carried at the date of reporting except the analysis on goodwill. If the factors to determine the impairment condition is seemed to have altered then only recognition of reversal impairment can be applied to the assets. The organization is required to measure the amount of reversal and eliminate the same that have been recording previously (Bond, Govendir and Wells 2016). Considering the principles and rules of AASB 136, organizations are required to disclose the facts on impairment loss as per paragraph 126. Disclosure with respect to the class of each assets, amount of impairment loss and amount of reversal is required to be mentioned in the financial statements. The companies also required to disclose the events and indicators that enabled to impair the assets along with the facts about the nature of the asset. Further, the entities are also required to disclose the measures of estimate for the tangible and intangible assets with the disclosure on the useful life of such assets (Knauer and Whrmann 2015). Conclusion Based on the discussion on impairment loss it can be concluded that impairment loss reflects the significant economic efficiency of the assets of the companies. Since the efficiency and effectiveness of the asset declines with the constant use in business activities, it is important to measure such value. Accordingly, AASB 136 on impairment of asset regulates the valuation of impairment loss and the principles to recognize the accounting of impairment loss. Companies should analyze and disclose the indicators of impairment loss considering the external and internal sources during the accounting year. Part B: Journal Entries Journal entries in the books of Crossbow Ltd as at 30 June 2015 Dr. Cr. Amount $ 1 Impairment Loss A/c Dr. 29,000.00 To Land A/c 29,000.00 (Being amount of impairment loss on land has been recognized in the income statement of the company) 2 Impairment Loss A/c Dr. 20,000.00 To Goodwill A/c 20,000.00 (Being amount of impairment loss on cash generating units have been allocated to Goodwill of the company) Table 1: Journal entries (Source: Created by author) Workings 1 Impairment Loss valuation for Land Amount $ Carrying amount of Land 200,000.00 Less: Fair value as deducted by cost of disposal (171,000.00) Impairment Loss 29,000.00 Table 2: Impairment loss on Land (Source: Created by author) 2 Impairment Loss valuation for CGU Amount $ Total carrying amount of the business asset 1,680,000.00 Less: carrying amount of Land (200,000.00) Less: Goodwill (40,000.00) Total value of Cash- generating unit 1,440,000.00 Less: Recoverable amount (1,420,000.00) Impairment Loss 20,000.00 Table 3: Impairment loss on CGU (Source: Created by author) Notes As per AASB 136 on Impairment on assets loss on impairment is computed is there are indicators of impairment. In the present case, Crossbow Ltd analyzed indicators impairment as at 30 June 2015 therefore, principles of ASSB 136 are applicable to measure and recognize the impairment loss on assets. According to the AASB 136, impairment loss is determined by deducting the recoverable value from the carrying amount. Further, the recoverable amount is computed as higher of value in use or fair value reduced by the cost of disposal (Buratti et al., 2015). In case of Crossbow Ltd., value in use of land is not provided therefore the fair value reduced by the cost of sale has been considered as recoverable value. Moreover, the carrying amount of land at 30 June 2015 is higher than the recoverable value hence, the impairment loss is required to be recognized. The principles on AASB 136 states the impairment loss to be recognized for cash generating unit and the amount of loss is required to be allocated on proportionate basis. However, the amount of loss shall be allocated to Goodwill first and then the balance amount to be allocated to the other class of assets based on their carrying value (Fchtemeier et al. 2015). Total carrying amount of the asset of the company Crossbow Ltd at 30 June 2015 amounted to $1,680,000 that should be reduced by the amount of Land and Goodwill. The loss on impairment would be calculated on the balance value of cash generating unit, which is higher than the recoverable value as estimated by the company. Additionally, the amount of impairment loss $20,000 would be allocated to Goodwill first but as the entire loss on impairment has been allocated to Goodwill, allocation for other class of asset cannot be done. Reference List Ballas, A., Panagiotou, V. and Tzovas, C., 2015. Accounting Choices for Tangible Assets: A Study of Greek Firms.SPOUDAI-Journal of Economics and Business,64(4), pp.18-38. Beauchamp, M.H., Brooks, B.L., Barrowman, N., Aglipay, M., Keightley, M., Anderson, P., Yeates, K.O., Osmond, M.H. and Zemek, R., 2015. Empirical derivation and validation of a clinical case definition for neuropsychological impairment in children and adolescents.Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society,21(08), pp.596-609. Bond, D., Govendir, B. and Wells, P., 2016. An evaluation of asset impairments by Australian firms and whether they were impacted by AASB 136.Accounting Finance. Buratti, L., Balestrini, S., Altamura, C., Viticchi, G., Falsetti, L., Luzzi, S., Provinciali, L., Vernieri, F. and Silvestrini, M., 2015. Markers for the risk of progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease.Journal of Alzheimer's Disease,45(3), pp.883-890. Fchtemeier, M., Brinckmann, M.P., Foddis, M., Kunz, A., Po, C., Curato, C., Dirnagl, U. and Farr, T.D., 2015. Vascular change and opposing effects of the angiotensin type 2 receptor in a mouse model of vascular cognitive impairment.Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow Metabolism,35(3), pp.476-484. Knauer, T. and Whrmann, A., 2015. Market reaction to goodwill impairments.European Accounting Review, pp.1-29. Linnenluecke, M.K., Birt, J., Lyon, J. and Sidhu, B.K., 2015. Planetary boundaries: implications for asset impairment.Accounting Finance,55(4), pp.911-929. Mannà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Jiles, V., Thompson, K. and Lester, J., 2015. Sleep impairment and insomnia in sickle cell disease: A retrospective chart review of clinical and psychological indicators.Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners,27(8), pp.441-449. Martnez-Vega, R., Garrido, F., Partearroyo, T., Cediel, R., Zeisel, S.H., Martnez-lvarez, C., Varela-Moreiras, G., Varela-Nieto, I. and Pajares, M.A., 2015. Folic acid deficiency induces premature hearing loss through mechanisms involving cochlear oxidative stress and impairment of homocysteine metabolism.The FASEB Journal,29(2), pp.418-432. Morris, S. and Shin, H.S., 2016. Illiquidity component of credit risk.Princeton University William S. Dietrich II Economic Theory Center Research Paper, (081_2016). Song, M., Zhang, J. and Wang, S., 2015. Review of the network environmental efficiencies of listed petroleum enterprises in China.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,43, pp.65-71. Zhuang, Z., 2016. Discussion of An evaluation of asset impairments by Australian firms and whether they were impacted by AASB 136.Accounting Finance,56(1), pp.289-294.

The Saddest Day of My Life free essay sample

Human life is a paradox, combination of joys and sorrows. If today we’re happy, tomorrow we may be sad, vice versa. There are times when life seems to be radiating with light where full of success, while there are some times when it hits darkness that leave trace of it and for the rest of your life.The saddest day of my life was probably the day my grandfather passed away. Not only he’s my grandpa but my best companion that I can lean on. I spent maximum time with him as we visit him in the province which is my father’s hometown where we laugh and travel together. He shares his life experience when he was kid like me, speaks many stories where I learned important lessons in life. I remember everything about him, the way he walks, his scent and even when he laughs.Everything was so great until that day come where we discovered his sickness, so he was confined at the hospital for weeks and then was fine and returned home until it came the day where all of us were tears and had a mental breakdown, it was Jan 16 2016 where he passed away, it was so sudden that we didn’t even know what happened. We will write a custom essay sample on The Saddest Day of My Life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My father was there at the province together with him and then he called my mother, I was so shocked that my mother was in tears and also it’s the first time seeing her like that and then she said â€Å" wla na imo lolo† and that was the time that I was having a mental breakdown and didn’t know what to do, I was quiet for hours and my mother and I decided to go to province for my father also needed us there. Who knows that was the last time I saw my grandpa, my best companion, for I still remember his face when we bid a farewell for him.I knew that I would have an angel watching over me and my family, but I lost my best companion. Since that moment until know, I only have memories of my grandpa whom I spent the great times in my life. That day was indeed the saddest moment of my whole life.

Academic Assisted Suicide - Uses A Sample Essay Title For a Paper

Academic Assisted Suicide - Uses A Sample Essay Title For a PaperThe next time you are faced with the daunting task of choosing a sample essay for a college-level class, try using academic assisted suicide. They can be written about anything that relates to your chosen topic and help you get across your point in a way that you will be proud of. Academic assisted suicide is where the aid of a trained professional gives the student practice in finding topics that will be meaningful to their audience, but will not cause controversy.Writing essays for college requires students to be fully aware of the fact that writing can be emotional work. In order to avoid embarrassing yourself, you will need to write on subjects that are both meaningful and have nothing to do with your personal life. If the subject of your essay is of a personal nature, it is best to use academic assisted suicide in your writing. It may seem odd, but in many cases, the subject of death will serve as a powerful theme for a popular college topic.An example of this could be when you decide to write an essay on the problems and issues of first-time college students. Your idea may involve such issues as test anxiety, the difficulty of learning how to communicate with others, or getting help from people who understand their problems. The idea is to weave in the topic of death to stir up some of the feelings that could be associated with these different subjects. You will need to identify any references in your essay that are related to your topic, and you will want to be careful about how you spell them out. You should include topics like public funerals, comfort women, and teen suicide in your sample essay titles.Another good reason to use academic assisted suicide in your writing is to avoid making it too lengthy. Essays are meant to be short and simple, but they do have to keep the reader's attention. You want to give them something to read on, so make sure that you are careful about how you word your sentences. You donot want to throw them off track, so it is best to keep them concise. You can make use of academic assisted suicide to save yourself some time when writing essays by starting with a more exciting topic.There are many websites online that offer courses on essay writing, which can be quite helpful when writing your essay for a class. They will guide you through the process of finding a topic and come up with a list of sample essay titles. They will also give you suggestions for what to write about.In addition to these guides, you will find several resources that can help you with the process of finding essay titles. The Counseling Center of Palo Alto is one resource that offers resources for students in writing an essay on a specific topic. The Writing Center at the University of Wisconsin Madison offers a writing service for students who are struggling with a difficult topic.When you are finished writing your essay, you will be able to know if you wrote it well or not. You will want to consult a counselor to know how to improve your work, and how to prepare for your exam. They can tell you how to word your essay titles, how to use acronyms properly, and other tips that will help you pass your course. This will help you avoid those last minute jitters and allow you to learn how to write an essay with confidence.Remember, every final test can be a learning experience. If you find the essay help you need to improve your work, you will be able to learn new things that you never thought you could learn. Academic assisted suicide is a great way to reach the level of success that you want for yourself.

Famous Pirates in Books and Movies

Famous Pirates in Books and Movies The fictional pirates of todays books and movies dont have much to do with the real-life buccaneers who sailed the seas centuries ago! Here are some of the most famous pirates of fiction, with their historical accuracy thrown in for good measure. Long John Silver Where he appears: Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson, and subsequently countless books, movies, TV shows, video games, etc. Robert Newton played him several times in the 1950s: his language and dialect are responsible for the pirate speak so popular today (Arrrr, matey!). He is an important character in the TV show Black Sails as well.Description: Long John Silver was a charming rogue. Young Jim Hawkins and his friends set out to find a great treasure: they hire a ship and crew, including the one-legged Silver. Silver is at first a loyal ally, but soon his treachery is discovered as he attempts to steal the ship and the treasure. Silver is one of the great all-time literary characters and arguably the best-known fictional pirate ever. In Black Sails, Silver is clever and opportunistic.Accuracy: Long John Silver is surprisingly accurate. Like many pirates, he had lost a limb in battle somewhere: this would have entitled him to extra loot under most pirate articles. Also like ma ny crippled pirates, he became a ships cook. His treachery and ability to switch sides back and forth mark him as a true pirate. He was quartermaster under the notorious Captain Flint: it was said that Silver was the only man Flint feared. This is accurate as well, as the quartermaster was the second-most important post on a pirate ship and an important check on the captains power. Captain Jack Sparrow Where he appears: The Pirates of the Caribbean movies and all sorts of other Disney commercial tie-ins: video games, toys, books, etc.Description: Captain Jack Sparrow, as played by actor Johnny Depp, is a lovable rogue who can switch sides in a heartbeat but always seems to wind up on the side of the good guys. Sparrow is charming and slick and can talk himself into and out of trouble quite easily. He has a deep attachment to piracy and to being captain of a pirate ship.Accuracy: Captain Jack Sparrow is not very historically accurate. He is said to be a leading member of the Brethren Court, a confederation of pirates. While there was a loose organization in the late seventeenth century called the Brethren of the Coast, its members were buccaneers and privateers, not pirates. Pirates rarely worked together and even robbed one another at times. Captain Jacks preference for weapons such as pistols and sabers is accurate. His ability to use his wits instead of brute force was a hallmark of some, but not many pirates: Howell Davis and Bartholomew Roberts are two examples. Other aspects of his character, such as turning undead as part of an Aztec curse, are of course nonsense. Captain Hook Where he appears: Captain Hook is the main antagonist of Peter Pan. He made his first appearance in J.M. Barries 1904 play Peter Pan, or, the boy who wouldnt grow up. He has appeared in just about everything related to Peter Pan since including movies, books, cartoons, video games, etc.Description: Hook is a handsome pirate who dresses in fancy clothes. He has a hook in place of one hand since losing the hand to Peter in a sword fight. Peter fed the hand to a hungry crocodile, which now follows Hook around hoping to eat the rest of him. Lord of the pirate village in Neverland, Hook is clever, wicked and cruel.Accuracy: Hook is not terribly accurate, and in fact has spread certain myths about pirates. He is constantly looking to make Peter, the lost boys or any other enemy walk the plank. This myth is now commonly associated with pirates largely because of Hooks popularity, although very few pirate crews ever forced someone to walk the plank. Hooks for hands are also now a popular par t of pirate Halloween costumes, although there are no famous historical pirates who ever wore one. Dread Pirate Roberts Where he appears: Dread Pirate Roberts is a character in the 1973 novel The Princess Bride and the 1987 movie of the same name.Description: Roberts is a very fearsome pirate who terrorizes the seas. It is revealed, however, that Roberts (who wears a mask) is not one but several men who have handed the name down to a series of successors. Each Dread Pirate Roberts retires when wealthy after training his replacement. Westley, the hero of the book and movie, was Dread Pirate Roberts for a while before leaving to seek Princess Buttercup, his true love.Accuracy: Very little. There is no record of pirates franchising their name or doing anything for true love, unless their true love of gold and plunder counts. Just about the only thing historically accurate is the name, a nod to Bartholomew Roberts, the greatest pirate of the Golden Age of Piracy. Still, the book and movie are a lot of fun!

British Airways

Also it is member of International Airlines Group. Nowadays British Airways is using strategy of Marketing Mix including 4p’s. First of all, what is it Marketing Mix of 4 p’s? â€Å"Marketing Mix† is said for different performances which companies have to choose to bring a product or service to market. Marketing Mix 4 p’s: * Product: characteristics and features * Price: pricing strategies * Place: location, distribution channels * Promotion: advertising, promoting to the customers Going into more deep and applying this theory to such company as British Airways I can say that Product strategy is the main strategy of Marketing Mix (4 P’S). Without Product strategy there is no Place, Price and Promotion. Speaking about BA it is transporting industry its product is not physical and cannot be touched. British Airways product strategy includes flight  services, quality of flights, various destinations across Europe and  the world, executive class, business class, speed, security, support  facilities and years of experience. Nowadays, the main aircrafts which BA uses to transport people are Airbus A318-100, Airbus A319-100, Airbus A320-200, Airbus A321-200, Airbus A380-800, Boeing 737–400, Boeing 747-400, Boeing 767-300ER, Boeing 777–200, Boeing 777-200ER, Boeing 777-300ER, Boeing 787–8, Boeing 787–9. Most of the airplanes which are 77% use either Rolls-Royce or IAE alliance engines. Another 23% is divided between General Electric  and the  CFM International  consortium. To the year 2012 BA operates over 400 aircraft, carries over 62  million passengers annually, and serves more than 200 destinations. British Airways is not only Airline Company it also has its own  engineering branch  to exploit its aircraft fleet, this includes line maintenance at over 70 airports around the world. One more vital option of 4 p’s is Place. The main â€Å"place† were customers can consume services of British Airways is situated in Waterside, close to its main airport at London Heathrow Airport. However BA is international company and you can also find it in main airports all over the world. Also there are two important service centers in Glasgow  and  Cardiff Airports. Turning to the third option which is Price the organization should set the price relative with the value delivered and perceived by the  customer. British Airways has set its services in the way that customers can chose how much they want to pay for this service. Comparing with other Airline Companies BA poses four types of services economy class, premium economy class, business class, premium business class. The difference is in quality of â€Å"product which are you consuming† and the price. So price of the tickets are varied from ? 00 to ? 400. Main success of the company depends on its promotion. People in the promotional team of British Airways know their. First slogan â€Å"The World’s Favourite Airline† was established in 1989 with the song of â€Å"The Flower Duet† by  Leo Delibes. After this there were a lot of changes like â€Å"Upgrade to British Airways†, â€Å"The World’s Favourite Airline†, â€Å"The World’s B est Airline†, â€Å"We’ll Take More Care Of You†, and â€Å"Fly the Flag†. One of the latest tricks was â€Å"Christmas gift voucher† which is promotional prices. This works during the Christmas holidays and offers lowest prices for their customers. For example flying to 14 travel zones from ? 59 return on UK and Europe destinations and  from ? 269 return on the rest of the world In the end I would like to say that British Airlines is one of the biggest companies in this area and one of the best companies. For a long time it provides its clients with high level services and security which is the most important things in this business. Meanwhile, price is responsible to the quality. Service is easily available and well promoted. British Airways There was a one-sided decision taken to introduce swipe cards. It was unplanned because it was introduced at the start of the summer quarter when they had it has one of its busiest quarters. From the perspective of sense making, management needs to be aware of the key elements that are important to the situation. In BA the management did not form an awareness of key element; they did not realize that the move was being interpreted to manipulate their working patterns. The management did not understand the importance of not introducing an unpopular system before the peak season. Finally, this was not a decision made by examining different alternatives and evaluating them properly. This was an ad hoc decision taken by the management without considering its consequences. From the point of view of change management, there strength of organizational dissatisfaction, vision for the future and possibility of immediate, tactical action must be stronger than the resistance within the organization. The employees did not want the change, they felt that the swipe system would be used to manipulate their working patterns and shift hours. From the perspective of contingency, the management is supposed to identify what can go wrong in the given situation. The BA management had not planned for the event that the imposition of the swipe card would lead to refusal by workers of the swipe card resulting in a strike. From the point of view of process, it is necessary for the management to methodologically study the process of employee decision making, employee concerns about swipe cards and reason for rising absenteeism. The management did not study the mood of the employees, the effect of lack of consultation, poor pay rates and dissatisfaction with the management. From the perspective of organizational development, I would make sure the event is more planned and communicate to the employees so that they are taken into consideration with the decision. From the perspective of sense making I would make the management understand the key elements. Then I would make management come up with alternatives before making a decision. From the perspective of change management, I will recommend that BA management should first set a vision for the organization, then it must assess the dissatisfaction with the current system, next it must suggest tactical action that is acceptable to the employees and then suggest action. From the perspective of contingency, I would recommend that the BA officials should assess all the contingencies that are possible because of the change and should develop risk reduction strategies. From the perspective of process, I would recommend that the BA management should methodically study the process of employee decision making and evaluate the manner in which the management action will affect the process of decision making of BA management. References Palmer, I, . Dunford, R. , Akin, G. , (2009) Managing organizational change: A multiple perspectives approach (2ed. ) New York: McGraw Hill. British Airways British Airways British Airways Also it is member of International Airlines Group. Nowadays British Airways is using strategy of Marketing Mix including 4p’s. First of all, what is it Marketing Mix of 4 p’s? â€Å"Marketing Mix† is said for different performances which companies have to choose to bring a product or service to market. Marketing Mix 4 p’s: * Product: characteristics and features * Price: pricing strategies * Place: location, distribution channels * Promotion: advertising, promoting to the customers Going into more deep and applying this theory to such company as British Airways I can say that Product strategy is the main strategy of Marketing Mix (4 P’S). Without Product strategy there is no Place, Price and Promotion. Speaking about BA it is transporting industry its product is not physical and cannot be touched. British Airways product strategy includes flight  services, quality of flights, various destinations across Europe and  the world, executive class, business class, speed, security, support  facilities and years of experience. Nowadays, the main aircrafts which BA uses to transport people are Airbus A318-100, Airbus A319-100, Airbus A320-200, Airbus A321-200, Airbus A380-800, Boeing 737–400, Boeing 747-400, Boeing 767-300ER, Boeing 777–200, Boeing 777-200ER, Boeing 777-300ER, Boeing 787–8, Boeing 787–9. Most of the airplanes which are 77% use either Rolls-Royce or IAE alliance engines. Another 23% is divided between General Electric  and the  CFM International  consortium. To the year 2012 BA operates over 400 aircraft, carries over 62  million passengers annually, and serves more than 200 destinations. British Airways is not only Airline Company it also has its own  engineering branch  to exploit its aircraft fleet, this includes line maintenance at over 70 airports around the world. One more vital option of 4 p’s is Place. The main â€Å"place† were customers can consume services of British Airways is situated in Waterside, close to its main airport at London Heathrow Airport. However BA is international company and you can also find it in main airports all over the world. Also there are two important service centers in Glasgow  and  Cardiff Airports. Turning to the third option which is Price the organization should set the price relative with the value delivered and perceived by the  customer. British Airways has set its services in the way that customers can chose how much they want to pay for this service. Comparing with other Airline Companies BA poses four types of services economy class, premium economy class, business class, premium business class. The difference is in quality of â€Å"product which are you consuming† and the price. So price of the tickets are varied from ? 00 to ? 400. Main success of the company depends on its promotion. People in the promotional team of British Airways know their. First slogan â€Å"The World’s Favourite Airline† was established in 1989 with the song of â€Å"The Flower Duet† by  Leo Delibes. After this there were a lot of changes like â€Å"Upgrade to British Airways†, â€Å"The World’s Favourite Airline†, â€Å"The World’s B est Airline†, â€Å"We’ll Take More Care Of You†, and â€Å"Fly the Flag†. One of the latest tricks was â€Å"Christmas gift voucher† which is promotional prices. This works during the Christmas holidays and offers lowest prices for their customers. For example flying to 14 travel zones from ? 59 return on UK and Europe destinations and  from ? 269 return on the rest of the world In the end I would like to say that British Airlines is one of the biggest companies in this area and one of the best companies. For a long time it provides its clients with high level services and security which is the most important things in this business. Meanwhile, price is responsible to the quality. Service is easily available and well promoted. British Airways There was a one-sided decision taken to introduce swipe cards. It was unplanned because it was introduced at the start of the summer quarter when they had it has one of its busiest quarters. From the perspective of sense making, management needs to be aware of the key elements that are important to the situation. In BA the management did not form an awareness of key element; they did not realize that the move was being interpreted to manipulate their working patterns. The management did not understand the importance of not introducing an unpopular system before the peak season. Finally, this was not a decision made by examining different alternatives and evaluating them properly. This was an ad hoc decision taken by the management without considering its consequences. From the point of view of change management, there strength of organizational dissatisfaction, vision for the future and possibility of immediate, tactical action must be stronger than the resistance within the organization. The employees did not want the change, they felt that the swipe system would be used to manipulate their working patterns and shift hours. From the perspective of contingency, the management is supposed to identify what can go wrong in the given situation. The BA management had not planned for the event that the imposition of the swipe card would lead to refusal by workers of the swipe card resulting in a strike. From the point of view of process, it is necessary for the management to methodologically study the process of employee decision making, employee concerns about swipe cards and reason for rising absenteeism. The management did not study the mood of the employees, the effect of lack of consultation, poor pay rates and dissatisfaction with the management. From the perspective of organizational development, I would make sure the event is more planned and communicate to the employees so that they are taken into consideration with the decision. From the perspective of sense making I would make the management understand the key elements. Then I would make management come up with alternatives before making a decision. From the perspective of change management, I will recommend that BA management should first set a vision for the organization, then it must assess the dissatisfaction with the current system, next it must suggest tactical action that is acceptable to the employees and then suggest action. From the perspective of contingency, I would recommend that the BA officials should assess all the contingencies that are possible because of the change and should develop risk reduction strategies. From the perspective of process, I would recommend that the BA management should methodically study the process of employee decision making and evaluate the manner in which the management action will affect the process of decision making of BA management. References Palmer, I, . Dunford, R. , Akin, G. , (2009) Managing organizational change: A multiple perspectives approach (2ed. ) New York: McGraw Hill.

Comparison of Two In-Home Child Care Programs Essay

Comparison of Two In-Home Child Care Programs - Essay Example Generalized reading and alphabet reinforcement was grounded in the small volume of teaching methods used here. Most business was word-of-mouth referrals, though it was properly licensed. The second in-home program was operated by Veronica Peters also in Corona, California. (ADD PHONE AND ADDRESS HERE). This service, Marona DayCare, was instrumentally larger than Beck’s in-home program, offering services for up to ten children with specialized assistance. The provider maintained a Bachelor’s Degree in childhood education, similarly the same as one of her most reputable assistants. Parents paid considerably more for this service than Beck’s program since it reinforced fundamentals of early childhood learning and offered extended service hours. The majority of clients hailed from management or executive level positions, thus expecting higher levels of service and competency. Only observational research occurred at both in-home services and there was no direct interv ention during regular operating hours. Program Development in Both Services Beck’s program, despite its limitations, did maintain generalized knowledge regarding childhood development. However, the majority of this learning was founded on what would likely be considered early university lessons associated primarily with social learning theory. Beck identified her efforts to impose social learning theory as a means to gain positive behavioral control and also facilitate learning effectively. Social learning theory suggests that learning occurs as a result of role modeling in which children learn based on whether observed behavior of a reference individual is rewarded or punished (Neubert et al., 2009). Even though Cassandra Beck did not maintain the credentials of a qualified instructor as part of her daycare program, the interview results identified that it was a goal of the program to ensure that well-adjusted peers in the group were highlighted publicly and identified for p ersonalized rewards based on affirmation of positive attitudes and social abilities. Beck was rather proud of this structure and felt it had significant results on reducing egocentric behavior, commonly found in children of the late preoperational stage of development as suggested by Jean Piaget (Huitt & Hummel, 2003). Otherwise, this rather unstructured program consisted of circle time activities commonly found in kindergarten and preschool classrooms to facilitate better social learning with the children. Reading and basic comprehension of alphabet characters was facilitated by Beck in order to promote more group-oriented involvement. Otherwise, her role was much like that of a supervisor similar to that of a caring grandparent. Because of the credentials available with Veronica Peters at Marona DayCare, teaching was a regular part of the system and was directed for pre-school-aged children as well as students in elementary age. Two of these students were recipients of in-home lea rning provided by qualified parents and did not attend regular elementary school classrooms. Thus, there was a diverse mix of students at Marona DayCare. Peters believed in the vitality of visual learning, using graphs, visual images and reinforcement techniques for self-esteem development. This concept is supported by Robson (2006) who identifies that having the opportunity to display their unique work

Cost benefit and economic approach related to health care services Research Paper

Cost benefit and economic approach related to health care services system - Research Paper Example Globally, there are certain common problems which are faced by the health care organizations. In subsequent paragraph, a brief look has been given upon the overall issues which prevail in the health care units globally. Issues in Healthcare System The health care system is facing serious problems globally. People’s health care needs are not being met in an adequate manner. The reason is there are countless cases of illness and diseases each day. Fortunately, there are also numbers of solutions available to deal with these day to day problems. According to The Centre for Health Design, (2001), the most common problems which are faced by the overall health care sector are: Issues related to Patient Care Issues related to patient satisfaction Issues relating to accommodating innovation and change Issues related to operational efficiency Environmental Impact Responding to uncertainties. (The Centre for Health Design, 2001, p.4) In order to resolve these issues, a certain policy fr amework has been designed which can assist in solving such critical yet important issues. The policy framework designed to meet these problems is discussed in subsequent paragraphs. Policy Framework for Improving Healthcare System According to Bradley, Pallas, Bashyal, Curry and Berman (2010), a framework has been designed to ensure financial protection and adequate access to health care systems. It also strengthens the delivery systems in order to serve vulnerable people. Six factors determine whether the goals at organizational level are achieved or not in order to enhance the level of performance. They are: i. Quality ii. Efficiency iii. Utilization iv. Access v. Learning vi. Sustainability Quality Maintaining the required level of quality is the foremost requirement for healthcare systems. Improper quality can endanger the valuable life of patients. In order to maintain quality, it is essential to keep track of the quality in three major areas, they are: Clinical quality Patient experience Management quality There are several measures required to be taken care of for these areas. By evaluating the performance of these measures, it can be determined whether the quality is up to the mark or not. These measures include avoidance of medical errors, level of satisfaction of patient, availability of medical supplies, adherence to clinical parameters and medical records system. Efficiency Efficiency is defined as the way by which an organization utilizes its resources to meet the demands. Three measures which define the level of efficiency of a health care system include: Number of patients or patient volume Ratio of staff to service Ratio of cost to service The above mentioned measures can define the level of efficiency of a health care system. It can be determined by observing key indicators like health workers or nurses which are available for each bed or visits of outpatients or inpatients per day, per health worker or per bed. It should be borne in mind that it is not necessary to allot maximum number of nurses to each bed in order to meet the benchmark efficiency but in essence what it means is that the number of nurses available must not be less than the number of patients or number of beds. Utilization Utilization can be measured by: Patient volume in regards to capacity Patient volume with respect to the population of health characteristics. The key indicators which can measure the level of utilization are visits of outpati